What is Japanese Encephalitis?

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes. It primarily affects the brain, leading to inflammation (encephalitis), and can cause severe neurological damage or death. The disease is most common in rural and agricultural areas of Asia and the Pacific Islands, particularly in areas where mosquitoes are abundant and the population has not been vaccinated. Although many infections are mild or asymptomatic, severe cases can result in long-term health complications, including seizures, paralysis, and cognitive impairments.

Symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis

The symptoms of Japanese encephalitis usually develop within 5 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. Early symptoms may include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Vomiting
• Fatigue
• Body aches In severe cases, the infection can progress to:
• Stiff neck
• Seizures
• Paralysis
• Confusion or altered mental state
• Coma If left untreated, severe cases of Japanese encephalitis can lead to permanent brain damage or death.

Who Should Consider the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (IXIARO)?

The Japanese Encephalitis vaccine, known as IXIARO, is recommended for:

• Travelers to areas where Japanese encephalitis is common, especially if they will be staying for an extended period or spending time in rural or agricultural regions.
• People living in or working in areas where the disease is endemic, particularly in Southeast Asia, China, India, and the Pacific Islands.
• Individuals who will be engaging in outdoor activities, such as camping or farming, where they may be at higher risk of mosquito bites.
• Laboratory workers who may be exposed to the virus.

How Is the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (IXIARO) Administered?

The IXIARO vaccine is given as a series of two doses. The first dose is administered, followed by a second dose 28 days later. Ideally, vaccination should be started at least one month before travel to allow for full protection. For those at ongoing risk, booster doses may be recommended every 1 to 2 years, depending on the level of exposure and the specific circumstances.

Effectiveness of the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (IXIARO)

The IXIARO vaccine is highly effective in preventing Japanese encephalitis. Protection typically begins 7 to 10 days after the second dose, offering long-term immunity. The vaccine is considered safe and provides strong protection for travellers and residents in endemic areas. However, it’s important to note that while the vaccine significantly reduces the risk of the disease, no vaccine provides 100% protection, so other preventive measures, such as mosquito avoidance, should also be practiced.

Side Effects of the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (IXIARO)

The IXIARO vaccine is generally well-tolerated, with most side effects being mild and temporary. Common side effects include:

• Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site
• Mild fever
• Headache or fatigue These side effects typically resolve within a few days. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions. If you experience difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat, or a rash, seek immediate medical attention.

When Should You Get the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine (IXIARO)?

It is recommended to receive the IXIARO vaccine at least one month before traveling to an area where Japanese encephalitis is endemic. If you're planning an extended stay or will be in rural or high-risk areas, vaccination should be started as early as possible, preferably 2 to 4 weeks before travel. If you have already travelled to an endemic region or need to boost your immunity, talk to your healthcare provider about getting vaccinated.

Additional Preventive Measures

In addition to vaccination, it’s essential to take steps to prevent mosquito bites:

• Use insect repellent containing DEET or other recommended ingredients
• Wear long sleeves, pants, and socks, especially during dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active
• Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened accommodations
• Sleep under mosquito nets when necessary, particularly in rural areas
• Avoid outdoor activities at peak mosquito feeding times