What is Rabies?

Rabies is a viral infection that affects the nervous system, leading to severe brain inflammation. It is transmitted primarily through the bite or scratch of an infected animal, commonly dogs, bats, raccoons, or other wildlife. Rabies can be fatal once symptoms appear, but the disease is preventable if treated promptly after exposure.

Symptoms of Rabies

The initial symptoms of rabies may include:

• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Pain or itching at the site of the bite As the infection progresses, more severe symptoms may develop, including:
• Anxiety, confusion, or agitation
• Difficulty swallowing, drooling
• Paralysis
• Seizures
• Hallucinations Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is almost always fatal. Immediate medical attention is critical after exposure.

Who Should Consider the Rabies Vaccine?

The rabies vaccine is recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure to the virus, including:

• Animal handlers, veterinarians, and wildlife workers
• People traveling to areas where rabies is common, particularly if they will be interacting with animals
• People engaging in outdoor activities in remote areas with a high risk of animal bites (e.g., hiking, camping)
• Individuals who have frequent contact with bats or other wildlife

The vaccine is also given to individuals who may have been exposed to rabies, typically as part of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

How Is the Rabies Vaccine Administered?

The rabies vaccine is typically administered as a series of 3 doses over a 3-week period. For those exposed to rabies or at high risk, a pre-exposure vaccination regimen can provide long-term protection. If someone is bitten by an animal that may carry rabies, immediate treatment with a post-exposure regimen, which includes the vaccine and sometimes rabies immune globulin (RIG), is required.

Effectiveness of the Rabies Vaccine

The rabies vaccine is highly effective in preventing the disease if given before or immediately after exposure. When administered before exposure (pre-exposure vaccination), the vaccine provides long-lasting protection. When given after exposure (post-exposure prophylaxis), it is nearly 100% effective in preventing rabies if started promptly.

Side Effects of the Rabies Vaccine

The rabies vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated. Common side effects include:

• Pain or swelling at the injection site
• Fever
• Headache
• Fatigue These side effects are typically mild and resolve within a few days. Serious side effects are rare but can include allergic reactions, which require immediate medical attention.

When Should You Get the Rabies Vaccine?

For people at high risk of exposure to rabies, vaccination should be administered before potential exposure, particularly if traveling to areas where rabies is common. The vaccine should be started well in advance of travel, ideally several weeks before departure. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal that could be infected, seek medical attention immediately, even if you have already been vaccinated.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

If exposed to rabies through an animal bite or scratch, immediate post-exposure prophylaxis is crucial. PEP includes a series of rabies vaccinations and, if needed, rabies immune globulin (RIG). Treatment must begin as soon as possible after exposure for maximum effectiveness.

Additional Preventive Measures

In addition to vaccination, it’s important to take other precautions to avoid rabies exposure:

• Avoid contact with animals that may carry rabies, particularly stray dogs, bats, and wild animals
• Seek immediate medical attention if bitten, scratched, or licked by an animal in an area with rabies risk
• Ensure that pets are vaccinated against rabies